Hebrew as aDead Language?
From time to time I keep hearing from certain Christian teachers that Hebrew
was a dead language toward the end of the Second Temple period, that the Jews
in the Diaspora had allegedly stopped using Hebrew and couldn't even read it
and certainly didn't know what it meant when they saw it on the page. The reason
for the translation of the Hebrew scriptures into Greek was so the Jews in the
Diaspora -- who no longer read, spoke, or understood the Hebrew -- could read
God's instructions and learn of their heritage in the Greek. A few centuries
later, the reason for the Masoretic text and developing the vowel points in Hebrew
as an indication of how words should be pronounced in Hebrew was because nobody
knew what it should sound like because nobody knew how to speak the Hebrew. All
of this seems wrong to me, but I need help documenting this as an error. There
are several facts that cause me to conclude that the popular Christian teaching
about Hebrew being a dead language and the resultant need for the Septuagint
are both wrong.
1. I notice that the Ashkenazi Jews of Eastern Europe developed a language of
their own called Yiddish. Yiddish is spoken by millions of Jews. Yiddish is a
combination of German and Hebrew. How is it possible to combine a spoken language
such as German with a dead language of any kind that results in a combination
of the two languages and is spoken by millions of Jewish people?
2. I notice that the Sephardic Jews of Spain and Portugal developed a language
of their own called Ladino. Ladino is spoken by millions of Jews. Ladino is a
combination of Old Castilian (Spanish) and Hebrew. How is it possible to combine
a spoken language such as Old Castilian with a dead language of any kind that
results in a combination of the two languages and is spoken by millions of Jewish
people?
3. Ashkenazi Hebrew and Sephardic Hebrew have different pronunciation patterns,
but the root words and sentence structures are essentially the same. Because
we have the pronunciation patterns for these two dialects of Hebrew with us today
spoken by millions of Jews from their respective backgrounds, we know that Hebrew
as a spoken language has never died.
4. Rabbis as early as the second century A.D. seemed to notice that Jews from
different countries were pronouncing certain Hebrew words differently. The development
of the vowel points by the Masoretes was an attempt to standardize the spelling
and pronunciation of Hebrew between those of Ashkenazi and Sephardic background.
The work of the Masoretes was not an attempt to give life to a dead language
that nobody knew how to speak, but served to standardize the pronunciation patterns
of Hebrew for millions of Jews who spoke the holy language in two different dialects
in two different regions of the world.
The dictionary does the same thing for us today. Before the publication of Webster's
Dictionary, English speaking people spelled words and formed certain letters
in many divergent ways. The dictionary standardized the spelling of words and
gives clues as to the proper pronunciation of words.
5. The Septuagint was developed as the text of scripture that Jews could share
with their Gentile neighbors who were interested in learning about their God.
Gentiles could not read Hebrew, but the Jews in the Diaspora were bilingual,
being fluent in both Hebrew and Greek. When Alexander the Great (356 - 323) conquered
Mesopotamia and other lands, and hellenized the then known world making Greek
the language of civil government, he made it possible for most people in his
realm to communicate in a common language. Because Greek was the common language
of everyone under Greek rule, the Septuagint became the translation of the Hebrew
scriptures that both Jews and Gentiles could read and understand.
Remember the Greek woman in Mark 7:26, a Syrophoenician woman by race. She
must have had a Jewish friend who taught her about the God of Abraham so that
when
Yeshua arrived with His disciples, she was eager to seek a blessing from Him
as a faithful believer. Remember that the Jewish leaders in John 7:35 wondered
if Yeshua was planning to go to the Diaspora to teach the Greeks. What point
would there be in teaching the Greeks if there were not some of them who were
already familiar with the God of Abraham through the Septuagint? This familiarity
would only develop through the ordinary friendships of Jews with their Gentile
neighbors and the opportunity for the Gentiles to read in their own language
the record of the workings of the God of heaven. Remember that there were Greeks
who came to worship in Jerusalem at the time of Passover and the Feast of Unleavened
Bread in John 12:20-21. They came to Philip and said, "Sir, we want to see
Yeshua." These were not sightseers, neither were they escorted to Jerusalem
by Jews. These Greeks came to Jerusalem for the purpose of worship. The decision
to come to Jerusalem to worship could have occurred only if they had been exposed
to the history of God's dealing with His chosen people and the invitation for
the Greeks to join His people in the most solemn and joyous acts of worship
at the Lord's appointed festival. The prophecies of the coming Messiah were
taught
to these Greeks along with the notion that Yeshua was the fulfillment of the
messianic prophecies as evidenced by their request to see Yeshua. These Greeks
could not have studied the messianic prophecies for themselves without the
Septuagint. Rather than the Septuagint being the only scriptures the Jews in
the Diaspora
could read because they were no longer fluent in Hebrew, the Septuagint was
primarily an evangelistic tool for the Jews in the Diaspora to share the God
of heaven
with their Greek neighbors.
6. The only way a new language, such as either Yiddish or Ladino, can develop
is when both languages are spoken and understood by those who develop the third
language. Spanglish is an example. While Spanglish is not a fully developed language
of its own, Spanglish is the result of people who are fluent in both Spanish
and English and who find it convenient to blend certain words and rules of grammar
and speech from both languages in their communications with others with a similar
background. Spanglish could never come into existence if either Spanish or English
were a dead language.
7. Until just a few decades ago, the Catholic Church held its services in Latin
-- a language few of the members of the Catholic Church outside the priests and
monks understood. Latin is a dead language and has been for several centuries,
Italian having replaced Latin as the spoken language of the Italians in the early
14th century. I am not aware of any languages that have developed from Latin
and some other language native to a particular country. Citing Latin as a dead
language that was used only in religious services as an example of how dead the
Hebrew language had become except in religious services is contradicted by the
cultural evidence of Ashkenazi Hebrew and Yiddish in Eastern Eurpoe and Sephardic
Hebrew and Ladino in Spain. The notion that Hebrew was ever a dead language seems
totally without merit.
I know there is a ton of Christian writing available that says just the opposite
of the understanding I've just expressed here, but I have no confidence in most
of that because of the anti-Semitic bent so many Christian writers have. Do you
know of any evidence in Jewish literature in support of the theory I expressed
here? If so, please direct my attention to those sources. I thank you in advance
for any help you can give me.
Cordially,
Jerry